Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Marriage and Sexuality in Story and History free essay sample

A paper which looks at marriage and sexuality in todays society and how they are portrayed in history through various novels. The paper discusses the issues of marriage, morality and sexuality in todays society and shows how they differ from the years prior to the 1960s when couples were kept in their marriage by a tight moral code. The author of the paper examines how the subject of marriage and sexuality is portrayed through literature, such as Guy de Maupassants The Necklace, Kate Chopin s The Story of an Hour and Tchehovs The Lady with the Dog. Chopins view of marriage, even one in which the two people love each other, is sarcastic. She sees women in her time period dominated by the men they marry, unable to make a decision without consulting their husbands. She views marriage as a burden. For viewpoint on marriage and sexuality is clear in her short story, The Storm. We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage and Sexuality in Story and History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The wife, Calixta is at home during a furious storm and an old friend, Alcee, stops by to get out of the storm. She has never been alone with him since her marriage but at one time they kissed passionately. She had been pure then, and he respected her virtue. As a married woman she gave herself up to the passion of his arms. The storm passed. The two lovers were satiated, and the marriages returned to normal.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF

The company/organization that I will be discussing in regards to this module is the U.S. Air Force and how women face certain barriers within (i.e. promotion). Through my research, I found that â€Å"The Glass Ceiling† refers to the artificial barriers that women and minorities have to confront while trying to advance within their careers. The concept of the â€Å"glass ceiling† was created with the publication of the book â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling† by Morrison et Al.’s, which brought the term â€Å"glass ceiling† into the lexicon in 1987. In the following years, the term came into wider usage, and the glass ceiling took off as a political issues. Today, it seems, it has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women top level jobs, although being lauded for their performance. Some see the â€Å"glass ceiling† barriers toward women as nothing but an insidious form of sexual discrimination, in violation of law. A situati on which therefore should be corrected by application of affirmative action laws. According to a 2001 study commissioned by America by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 97% of the senior managers of the Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 are white, and 95-97% are male. This is occurring while 57% of the workforces are ethnic minorities, women, or both. Women constitute at the moment, 35% of the world’s labor force. The study also found that African, Hispanic(Latino), and Asian Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions., African Americans earning an astounding 21% less than their white counterparts in the same job. In this paper, I will relate all of this information to women who serve in the Air Force and some of the barriers they (we) face when it comes down to advancement within. Interest in the role of women in the military has been brought about by several different phenomena. The first, and probably the most powerful influence affecting women, consists of the socia... Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF Free Essays on Women And Ethics In The USAF The company/organization that I will be discussing in regards to this module is the U.S. Air Force and how women face certain barriers within (i.e. promotion). Through my research, I found that â€Å"The Glass Ceiling† refers to the artificial barriers that women and minorities have to confront while trying to advance within their careers. The concept of the â€Å"glass ceiling† was created with the publication of the book â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling† by Morrison et Al.’s, which brought the term â€Å"glass ceiling† into the lexicon in 1987. In the following years, the term came into wider usage, and the glass ceiling took off as a political issues. Today, it seems, it has become a routine practice to deny thousands of qualified women top level jobs, although being lauded for their performance. Some see the â€Å"glass ceiling† barriers toward women as nothing but an insidious form of sexual discrimination, in violation of law. A situati on which therefore should be corrected by application of affirmative action laws. According to a 2001 study commissioned by America by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission, 97% of the senior managers of the Fortune 1000 Industrial and Fortune 500 are white, and 95-97% are male. This is occurring while 57% of the workforces are ethnic minorities, women, or both. Women constitute at the moment, 35% of the world’s labor force. The study also found that African, Hispanic(Latino), and Asian Americans do not earn the same pay for comparable positions., African Americans earning an astounding 21% less than their white counterparts in the same job. In this paper, I will relate all of this information to women who serve in the Air Force and some of the barriers they (we) face when it comes down to advancement within. Interest in the role of women in the military has been brought about by several different phenomena. The first, and probably the most powerful influence affecting women, consists of the socia...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Event Planning in Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Event Planning in Tourism - Essay Example Event planning for any organization requires individuals who are competent and knowledgeable in the field of event planning. This is so much so in the field of tourism where the organization aims to package itself as a tourist destination of sorts. They seek to attract tourists to their tourist destinations. The tourism sector is linked to virtually all the other sectors of a country’s economy. This makes the tourism sector the most important sector of a government’s planning. With this knowledge in mind, the individuals brought in to plan for a tourism-related event should possess skills that are relevant to the field (Kelly, 1990). Â  This paper sets out to investigate the field of event planning while looking at the tourism sector. It seeks to identify the process involved in planning for tourism as an event and set out the steps which should be included when planning for the same. Â  An event is defined as a temporary occurrence that possesses a fixed length of time. An event can be of different types, i.e. planned and unplanned, and the ones that are planned are usually publicized to ensure they get maximum exposure towards the targeted audience. Every event is unique in itself as it involves the blending of different setting, duration, management, and people who facilitate it (Getz, 2007). In the field of tourism, the organizer has to plan for every event because of the nature of the events that are being thought of. Â  Successful planning of any event is important because it ensures that the organization remains competitive in the related market.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Service operations management-Porcinis Pronto Assignment

Service operations management-Porcinis Pronto - Assignment Example This will be implemented through the limited menu that values the products and services at moderate or appropriate prices. The company has limited resources and also capabilities that are needed in establishing an effective and efficient brand presence. Hence, it is very challenging to initiate the brand power strategy, and also enhance the market growth and development. There is a dilemma in making a decision on which brand approach will be effective in both the domestic market and the international market. The brand to be decided on depends on ownership category that is either syndication or alternatively franchising. The main aim of the most appropriate ownership model is to propel the effectiveness of the organizational brand. Appropriately integrating the interests of organizational stakeholders is a challenging experience for the management of the organization. In the new business venture, the company must strive to maintain its core value of excellent food, and hence the quality of the services and the food products must be above board. The high standards of the organization is illustrated through the performance determining factors like, adequate pricing, high service, quality food products, appropriate branding, and suitable business venues. The campaign initiative aims at ensuring the business performance achieves a minimum of 6% of the hu rdle rate of the company. This performance can be achieved through majorly concentrating on quality improvement approaches (Heskett & Luecke, 2011). Several approaches are adopted to ensure the effectiveness of the Porcini’s Pronto brand, and also improve the operations of the company through approaches like expansion. The food service business was initiated in 2010. The outlets of the company are placed strategically along the interstate highway. The outlet locations are very suitable for attracting the travelling customers who desire high standards of food products and also food service. The locations are

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Why women were constantly reminded of the need to maintain their Essay

Why women were constantly reminded of the need to maintain their femininity even as they deviated from traditional gender roles in the Second World War (UK) - Essay Example hild-bearing, about motherhood, home keeping, sex life, inner and outer beauty. Many Writers construed feminism to mean differently. There are those who said it is a term that belongs to a specific movement in US and Europe and is linked to activism, and there are those who refer to the term as injustices to women. But did these things mattered to women as they deviated from their traditional roles in the Second World War, particularly in UK? Our goal here is to sketch feminisms as they deviated from their traditional roles during WWII. Femininity classification and definition Before 1800s feminism refers to the qualities of women. The term begins to take new meaning with the beginning of feminist’s movement who asked for equal rights, so it was called the first wave of feminism. The movement was briefly forgotten during the war upon which, feminism took a new meaning for them, that of leaving the patriarchal society to become members of the men’s world. ... They can learn to protect themselves by learning techniques for fighting .Feminity is also defined by Brownmiller, Susan, as â€Å"making oneself as harmless, and that the feminine principle is composed of compliance and conflict†. Brownmiller argues that femininity merges female weaknesses with conflict avoidance and good will. Brownmiller is a controversial writer because of her assertion that â€Å"rape is a process of intimidation in which all men keep women in a state of fear† She said rape is a tool used by men ever since as a form of oppression to women. She said that femininity pleases men because it makes them appear to be more masculine, and by behavior, female expresses femininity by tearful expression of sentiments and fear as one way of establishing route to success. Femininity did not vanish when women became workers. It is alive and well in the workplace. The Second World War changed everything in the British way of life. Their work, family, governmentâ⠂¬â„¢s policies all changed because of war. It practically altered the roles of women and almost challenged the roles of gender relations as women were called on to work on men’s field. The war had changed the contours of society, erased the division of class, had challenged the existence of gender (Swanson, Gillian and Gledhill, Christine, 28 February 2012). .In all of these work changes, their femininity allows them to move in the work places away from their traditional roles. In a way, women used femininity as a competitive edge in getting and keeping their jobs. In a sense, this also pleased businessmen and even the government because women were paid less for the same man’s work In Chapter 10 â€Å"Mothers as wives in an individualistic society†, â€Å"feminity†

Friday, November 15, 2019

Introduction To Development Psychology

Introduction To Development Psychology The following essay will Compare and contrast the information processing approach with the behaviourist approach to understanding childrens psychological development. Taking into account the historical development of Psychology. The essay will take into account how the two approaches differ and how the two theories were developed. Piagets and Miller are theorist of cognitive Development and information processing perspectives, these theorist have had a deep impact on understanding cognitive development. Skinner and Bandura are theorist of behaviour theorist each one has a different approach to how they see things. Information processing and cognitive development are of the same idea , cognitive psychology looks at each individual as processor of information, Like computers that record the information given and then store it the memory and then goes on to produce the output ( Mcleod,2008). Cognitive psychologist compares the human mind to a computer, stating that we are able to retrieve and store information given to us and then alter it by using mental programs (Mcleod, 2008). The Information processing theory also contains quantitative and qualitative development with qualitative development happening though a new line of attach for storing information and retrieval or gathering problem- solving rules (Miller, 2011).Expanding and being able to remember more items in the working memory are examples of quantitative changes. Qualitative and quantitative methods of defining information both work together to progress new ways in the processing system (Miller, 2011). Jean Piagets (2002) was as being the most influential theorist of child development his studies began by observing his own children when they were infants and how they unravelled problems that Piagets had put in front of them. Piagets later went on to study other children by using a clinical method of how children would solve and remember different things raging from rules, games to the laws of physics. From observation made, Piagets devised his cognitive developmental theory of intellectual growth. Piagets sees children as active agents in their own developments, always building their Knowledge and altering their cognitive structure to be able to understand what goes on in the world (Shaffer, 2002). Piagets cognitive development has continued to be very popular because of its extensiveness and a worthwhile tool for thought and research. Critics may have interpreted his viewpoints to rigidly (Flanagan 1996) Further research was done by George Miller(1956) on information processing and cognitive psychology. He provided two theoretical ideas of which was chunking which is the capacity for the short term working memory. Miller (1956) stated that the short term memory could only hold Five to Nine chunks of information. The second theoretical idea was information processing by using a human computer model (Miller 1920). Behaviourism works on the foundations of stimulus response which is behaviour caused by external stimuli. Watson (1913) states that you are born with a blank slate Tabula Rosa he claims that children have no inborn tendencies; he believes how you turn out depends on your up brining and how you are treated as a child. Watson went out to demonstrate that fear and other emotions are acquired and not inborn. The demonstration of classical conditioning that Watson and Rosalie Raynor (1920) did was that of a rat to a nine month old named Albert, the reaction of Albert was positive and he played with the rat as he had done with the dog and rabbit previously. however the next time Little Albert went to play with the rat Watson tried to get the response of fear from Little Albert when he touched the rat, Watson would do this by standing behind him and bang a steel rod with a hammer and to see what reaction he got from Albert as the child started to associate the loud banging whilst playing wi th the rat, the reaction was that Little Albert did became fearful of the rat and this proved that fear is learned (Shaffer, 2002). Another example of classical condition is that of a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov whilst studying the saliva of dog he discovered a phenomenon that he labelled psychic reflexes. And the experiment then became called Pavlovs dogs were. The dogs were in a chamber he recognised that if he paired the meat powder with a stimulus like the noise of a ringing bell the dogs would react and that would produce the dogs salivation. Pavlov has shown that stimulus-response. (Learning-theories.com 2012). Burrhus Fredrick Skinner( 1904-90) theory was related to behaviour he was well known and had the most effect in his area of psychology. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning for the reason that children learn from their environment. Research was done by using animals and children; he stated that it can be possible to shape both animals and childrens behaviour by using reinforcement for example the naughty step or a star chart , Parents still apply reinforcement by praising a child when he or she has been good or punishing them if they have missed behaved (Slater and Bremner 2003). Albert Bandura (1925) studied different behaviours in further detail. His behaviourism was less machine-like than skinners theory. He did not only concentrate on observing behaviour he also studied what processes went on in the mind. His approach at first was named sociobehaviorism, then social cognitive theory and in the end social learning theory (Slater and Bremner 2003). In the 1960s Bandura conducted a sequence of experiments on childrens aggression. How this was achieved was putting a small group of children in front of the TV to observe a film of an adult playing with various different toys one of which was an inflatable Bobo doll. The group watched the film and what they saw was the adult aggressively hitting the doll with a hammer. When the children were left alone to play with some toys and their own Bobo doll he observed them being aggressive towards the doll mimicking what they seen on the screen. Bandura (1925) believed that children learnt from what they have observed ( Slater and Bremner 2003). Bandura (1977,1986,1992) agrees with Skinner that operant conditioning is a vital form of learning more so for animals. In spite of this Bandura emphasises that humans are cognitive beings- who actively access, store and retrieve information processing (Shaffer 2002) By comparing and contrasting the two approaches, information processing and behaviourism, there are some differences in the way we learn and understand. Behaviourism, acts on stimulation, whereas cognitive and information processing uses mental processes to formulate ideas. The view of the learning process for a behaviorist is change in behavior, while a cognitivist views internal mental process including insight, information processing, memory and perception. The focus of learning for behaviorists is the stimuli in external environments, whereas cognitivists have internal cognitive structuring. (Buchanan, K 1997). Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two theorys in psychology that have an effect on learning and education. Behaviorism is the study of behavior for the purpose of identifying its factors. Behaviorism employs mechanism as a fundamental metaphor, which assumes that behavior is ruled by a set of physical laws. Cognitivism was a reaction to Behaviorism. It is the study of mental processes through the scientific method and abstractions from behavior. Cognitivism employs mechanism and information processing as the principle metaphors for interpreting findings ( Atkisson, 2010). The theorist differs particularly in their views on behavior. The study on behaviorism was done on animals, which views behavior as a complex consequence of environmental stimuli, whereas Cognitivism, whose research subjects are often humans, sees behavior as a point from which to abstract the mental processes behind the behavior. ( Atkisson, 2010). Cognitivism and Behaviorism are similar in significant ways. They both use mechanism as a fundamental assumption. Cognitivism goes further than behaviorism in that it extends the mechanical assumptions to the mind, not just behavior. But nonetheless both theorys view human action, mental or otherwise, as determined by physical laws. ( Atkisson, 2010). In conclusion this essay has compared and contrasted the information processing approach with the behaviourist approach to understanding childrens psychological development. It has taken into account the historical development of Psychology. It has explored the theories of Piaget, Miller, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and related the quantitative and qualitative. It is pertinent to say that although both theorist have their place the behaviourist dates back to 1913 when Watson stated that you are born with a blank slate Tabula Rosa Since this time cognitive research has developed and shows that as well as behaviourist views remains. There is proof that even in behaviour cognitive and information processing is needed to make informed decisions about right and wrong.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Jacob A. Riis How the Other Half Lives Essay -- Jacob Riis Other Half

Jacob A. Riis' How the Other Half Lives This book talks about the immigrants in the early 1900’s. The book describes how they live their daily lives in New York City. It helped me a lot on Riis photographs and his writings on to better understand the book and the harsh reality this people lived. This comes to show us that life is not that easy and it will cost us work to succeed. Riis talked about all the immigrant major groups that came to the United States during this time period. Riis was a bit prejudice and stereotyped the people he wrote about. For example he talked about he Italians as being gamblers and being slow learners. He criticizes them as being dumb and that is the reason they were cheated on their pay roll. They were told that by coming to America they would get pay...

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. Essay

1. Stakeholders 1.1. The five-year girl and the injured: – as because of this incident a five year girl lost her life and nothing is more precious that life. 1.2. Customers: – because people were resting their futures in the hands of this number fever promotion campaign. 1.3. Victoria Angelo, her family and families like hers: – these people who didn’t have enough money to eat were buying Pepsi in the hope of changing their whole life. The rich company Pepsi was making money by making these people believe that they might win a lot of money. Instead of using their scarce resources for something more real, these people spent it on Pepsi building up dreams of getting rich and leading a good life. 1.4. Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc.:- as the campaign was launched by Pepsi-cola, it is responsible for the outcomes like deaths, lawsuits, injured etc. 1.5. Pepsi-Cola International: – as Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. is a part of the multinational firm with branches all over the world, this incident might negatively effect the sales in other countries. 1.6. PepsiCo Inc.:- as it owns 19% of the company. 1.7. Insurance companies: – The insurance companies are affected by this incident as a lot of the Pepsi-cola cars, trucks and wagons were destroyed by the angry public and these companies might have to pay for it. 1.8. Competitors especially Coca-Cola:- as a result of this incident coca-cola might be able to snatch away a huge chunk of the market from Pepsi. 1.9. Government: – It has to make sure that companies follow the laws and  they have to protect the innocent consumers. The government has to make sure illegal and unethical activities do not happen. It has to make sure that the laws are implemented without any exceptions. 1.10. Judicial system in Philippines: – as it is responsible for making sure that no violations of laws and regulations happen and people who do it are dealt with in the proper manner. 1.11. Company Employees: – they might lose their jobs as a result of the riots and losses that Pepsi had to face. 1.12. People who ran the computer or made the computer program:- as they have a significant role to play in the misprinting of the numbers. 1.13. Banks and financial institutions: – although not very clear from the case Pepsi-cola might haven taken loans form other banks. 1.14. Share and Stockholders: – although not very clear from the case, the value of the shares and stock of Pepsi-cola Company might have fallen. 2. Ethical Issues 2.1. Trust: – A climate of trust provides improved communication, greater predictability, dependability and confidence among the customer’s, employees and the company. The people trusted Pepsi to pay them the money if they would win. But Pepsi dining do that hence breaking customer trust, something once broken is very difficult to regain. 2.2. Egoism: – the company was just thinking about its own interests when it launched the campaign. It didn’t consider the poor people who might be lured by this number fever and spend the little money they had on Pepsi-cola instead of saving it and using for food, medicines, education etc, hence harming the innocent customers. 2.3. Deception: – With the winning numbers pre-selected by computer and only  ten 1-million-peso prizes available, the chance of anyone becoming a peso millionaire was one in 28.8 million. But Pepsi drinkers didn’t know that. The few winners got saturation media coverage, and entire families spent inordinate time and effort collecting bottle caps. 2.4. Theft: – these people who didn’t have enough money to eat were buying Pepsi in the hope of changing their whole life. The rich company Pepsi was making money by making these people believe that they might win a lot of money. Instead of using their scarce resources for something more real, these people spent it on Pepsi building up dreams of getting rich and leading a good life. When Pepsi refused to pay the rightful winners their rightful money, the company robbed these people of their dreams, hopes and financial resources. 3. The shaping of Public happiness a. There was maybe a little collaboration of private welfare and public good. The company was giving out prises valuing up to 1 million to people. Although the company intended to gain more market share through this action, it also helped people get more money and live a better life. On the other hand it was also private welfare as only a handful people really profited from this action. Only these few were able to lead a better life and the majority was left out b. Yes I think it is an appropriate good as one cannot always do stuff for the public good. It is not always possible to do good for all on a large scale. You need a lot of resources, power to carry out actions on such a large scale. Instead it would be better to help groups, families and individual. This is relatively easier to do and consequently a lot of people will benefit from such actions. c. What should have been differently i. Truth: – the company should have told the truth in the advertisements, that the chance to win the game is extremely small. This would help  especially the poor people in making the more sensible and invert their money in things what they really need. ii. Trust: – the company should have tried to regain trust of the people by explaining to them that the mistake was not on purpose and that they never intended to hurt people’s feelings. iii. Consequences: – The Company should have also tried to explain to the people that if Pepsi would pay the $18 billion to the people, then the company would go broke and would have to close. This would result in thousands of people loosing their jobs. iv. Government: – it should make sure that people understand such campaigns and don’t get seduced by such empty promises through better control over what the companies exactly advertise and what they do. d. Yes Pepsi was justified in not paying the full 1 million pesos: Doing that would mean that Pepsi would have to pay a total of more than $18 billion, a sum that would definitely lead to the company getting bankrupt. As a result of this thousands of people would lose their jobs not only in Philippines but also in other parts of the world where Pepsi operates as the Whole Pepsi organisation would be affected by this huge loss. The share and stock holder might lose a lot of money as a result of this loss at Pepsi. Thus it is a very complicated and damaging chain reaction that would be set of into action if Pepsi paid the money. Pepsi made a mistake in printing the numbers, something it did not intend to do. It kept its promise of giving out the 1 million to people who had the numbers but now you can’t expect the company to pay $18 billion because of an honest mistake. Everyone makes mistakes. e. Europe: – The response would have been different as the people in Europe are not that poor and live a good life. They are not that desperate. They are also well educated and understand such campaigns. South America and Africa: – the response might have been similar to that in  Philippines as the people are poor and are desperate to have money. Most of the people are not well educated and hence don’t really understand such campaigns. Asia: – the response here might be not that aggressive as in Philippine as the people are well educated and although also being poor they live in highly developing countries for example India ,China etc, that are constantly attractive huge investments from around the world. Multinational companies are building huge factories here and are outsourcing their functions in these countries. As such the people are not that desperate. f. The firms offer was OK, it could have offered some more money, but whatever it might have offered it would have never been enough for the people. The company had to think about all its shareholders and paying the full amount would have damaged lot of them for example Insurance companies, Company Employees, Banks and financial institutions, Share and Stockholders etc. It was in the best interest of everyone for the company to pay 500 pesos and not the full 1 million. 4. What would I do? Likely the ethical principles violated have to do with trust that they would keep their word, (pay for winners) even if it weren’t profitable. I don’t think the ads said anything about conditions of payment are only if they ‘choose the correct, low probability number to ensure low payoff’. It seems also that they need their customers, particularly since Coke customers will not be affected by Pepsi-Philippines decision not to pay off. I would make sure that the advertisements would mention the risks and possibilities of winning. The people would be aware of the fact that it is very difficult to win. This would help a person not to invest all his hopes and resources in something that is itself a dream. I would also try to explain to the people that if Pepsi would pay the $18 billion to the people, then the company would go broke and would have to close. This would result in thousands of people loosing their jobs. I would try to maintain the good will of the customers. The projected $ loss from loss in reputation may be worse than paying the prizes. Simply from a business and ethical perspective, I would have done something very quickly to maintain the good will of the customers once I knew of the mistake. I would have tried to regain trust of the people by explaining to them that the mistake was not on purpose and that the company never intended to hurt people’s feelings. Maybe in Hong Kong the results would have been less radical or violent. However that wouldn’t mean that the company wasn’t just as wrong for their short-sightedness and carelessness. Their carelessness led to violence and death. Something should have been done differently. Yes. 5. Application of to case 5.1. Personal Traits:- Business decisions are made by individuals or by committees, thus the ethics of business in reality is the ethics of the individuals making up the business. A series of factors influence a persons ethics: personal values, stage of moral development and moral approbation. The extent to which a decision maker’s behaviour reflects personal values depends to some extent on the decision maker’s ego strength, field dependence and locus of control. There the Pepsi-cola company is a big player with a lot of power which can lead to high ego strength and locus of control. This might cause the company to go its own way and set wrong standards and use questionable methods. Stages of development depict the type of rationale used to select options. Moral approbation characterizes the internal need for approval something that is scarcely present in big companies. Each of these traits either supports ethical or unethical behaviour. 5.2. Stakeholders :- A stakeholder is someone who has a stake in an organization or a program. Stakeholders either affect the organization/program or are affected by it. Stakeholders include people who staff a program (e.g., management, staff); people who are affected by a program (e.g., clients, their families, and the  community); people who contribute to a program in other ways (e.g., contributors, funding agencies and foundations, volunteers, partner organizations, board members, etc.); and people with a vested interest in the program (e.g., politicians, neighbors, etc.), competitors, suppliers etc. The company did not take into consideration the effects of this campaign on particularly its consumers. The Stakeholders influence decisions in both ethical and unethical directions. 5.3. Organizational Culture and Traits It might be referred to as the common set of assumptions, beliefs and values that has developed within the organisation to cope with the external and internal environment and that is passed on to new members to guide their actions within these environments. It provides a sense of identity among members and promotes a commitment of the members to something larger than self. It also provides for stability of the organisational social system and rationale and direction for behaviour. While organisational culture serves as the overall glue of the organisation specific aspects of its culture are influenced by the organisational traits for e.g. organisational climate and organisational goals etc. 3.4. Dimensions of Decision Making The Decision Processes help to explain the types of ethical decision making behaviour that occur in business. Managers indicate there are specific actions that they will not countenance – thus, the minimum performance rule. Once a set of decision alternatives has been established, each one is evaluated on the bases of the Decision dimensions like economic, political, technological, social and ethical issues. These issues are responsible at the end about the ethical nature of the decision. 3.5. Moral Intensity The degree of moral intensity influences the decision maker’s decisions. A person with a high moral intensity is tend to consider moral and ethical  issues more deeply than a person who’s moral intensity lies very low. 3.6. Minimum Performance Level/ Total Benefit Test The decision maker applies a minimum performance rule to each of the decisions that specifies the minimum acceptable performance level for each of the decision dimensions. Any alternative that creates a conflict of interest will be dropped from consideration. The minimum performance level might be less than the desired level and when considered by itself would lead to rejection of the alternative. Decisions Alternatives that survive the Minimum Performance Level rule test may then be subjected to the second phase, total benefit yielding the overall value of each alternative. After the benefit for each decision variable has being considered has been derived, one would expect that the decision maker would select the alternative with the highest benefit. 6. Lessons Critical for organizations that are striving to gain or maintain a competitive advantage and that are in the process of re-structuring for the new century. Decision-making is an important factor for growing organizational memory with newly created knowledge and a broader base of perspectives to use in subsequent decision-making situations. Given a particular decision context and a decision maker with a set of personal values, it may be very difficult to see all sides of the issue. Individual, managerial and organisational success all depend on making the right decisions at the right times.1 However, decision-making is just one component of the problem-solving process. Unless a problem has been defined and its root causes identified, managers are unlikely to be able to make an appropriate decision about how to solve it. Effective managers know how to gather and evaluate information that clarifies a problem. They know the value of generating more than one action alternative and weighing all the implications of a plan before deciding to implement it. A major responsibility for all managers is to maintain a constant lookout for actual or potential problems. Managers do this by keeping channels of communication open and monitoring. When a problem involves others, they need to feel understood and accepted; they must have confidence that the problem can be resolved; they must trust management to see the problem as a learning experience and not as an excuse to punish someone. Whether blameworthy or not, the use of the cloak of social responsibility, and the nonsense spoken in its name by influential and prestigious businessmen, does clearly harm the foundations of a free society. I have been impressed time and again by the schizophrenic character of many businessmen. They are capable of being extremely far-sighted and clear-headed in matters that are internal to their businesses. They are incredibly short-sighted and muddle-headed in matters that are outside their businesses but affect the possible survival of business in general. But the doctrine of â€Å"social responsibility† taken seriously would extend the scope of the political mechanism to every human activity. It does not differ in philosophy from the most explicitly collective doctrine. It differs only by professing to believe that collectivist ends can be attained without collectivist means. The social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Objectification and Humanization Essays - Sexualization, Free Essays

Objectification and Humanization Essays - Sexualization, Free Essays Objectification and Humanization People in almost every developed country and culture on earth have attained unprecedented levels of personal freedom and equality to their fellow human beings. Of course, people did not suddenly start enjoying this relative freedom and equality at the turn of the 21st century. It took centuries of social movements, hundreds of poignant social thinkers, and a countless number of social activists to get from a social structure of nobility and peasants to the equal opportunity we enjoy now. The majority of soc ial problems that people have faced over the centuries, from slavery to gender and race inequality, have fallen under the overarching problem of objectification. Objectification itself is fairly simple concept, but the many problems that stem from objectif ication are what are so complex and problematic. Although objectification of people is primarily negative and harmful to society, people can have positive experiences with objectification. Finally, while the object ification of people is dwindling, there ar e still ways to diminish its presence in everyday life, especially with resocialization as Simone de Beauvoir recommends. Before any discussion of objectification can be conducted, it must be clearly defined. It is the treatment of a person as an object. For instance, before putting on a shirt, one doesn't politely ask the shirt if they can stick their arms into it. In fact, one doesn't even ask permission from a dog to pet it; they ask the owner. Why would the dog mind? It's just an animal after all. Howe ver, it is unacceptable to touch a stranger or even an acquaintance, forget pet them, before asking them. This is because of respect we have for someone's personhood. When we objectify someone, we strip them of their personhood. For instance, one doesn't a sk an apple or a prostitute about their opinions on local government policies, but this would be a casual conversation topic for conversation between two people. The apple is incapable of forming opinions, and a prostitute may as well not have opinions whi le he or she is on the job. Of course, objectification is not treating someone li ke they are actually a shirt or an apple. It is more like stripping an individual of their humanitytheir emotions, thoughts, feelings, and intellectin favor of focusing on a small aspect of them. This one aspect can vary quite a bit. In the case of the prostitute, their physical appearance and sexuality have been objectified. Those aspects are all that matter to their clients. In fact, service people of all types are objec tified, especially menial positions like a cashier. One could argue that it is, if fact, objectifying to just use a cashier as a means to buy goods. That may be true, but it is not where the negative consequences of objectification come from. Instead, cash iers are often seen and treated like vending machines. When a vending machine doesn't dispense the bag of chips that you paid for, it is acceptable to get frustrated with it, maybe shake it or kick it to try to make the bag of chips fall. Although it is no t necessarily acceptable, it is common that cashiers will get treated in similar ways. Cashiers can expect to be yelled at at some point over the course of their career if, for instance, the fries aren't coming out fast enough, or if they can't let a custo mer return shirts without a receipt, or if the food doesn't taste good enough, even though all of these things are outside of their control. This is because c ashiers have been objectified. To their customers, all they are is a face that says, "Hello, may I take you order?", "That will be $5.50," and then eventually gives them their food. It's easy for customers to forget that the cashier is more than a machine, so it's unfortunately quite easy for a customer to treat the cashier like machine. The main reper cussion of treating service people in this way is that it is very emotionally stressful for the worker. It is not uncommon for cashiers and other service people to spend their breaks crying in the back of the store because of how cruelly

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Alcohol and Nutrition essays

Alcohol and Nutrition essays Have you ever wondered how alchol effects your health? Well today is your lucky day. I will talk about the various ways that alcohol effects your health. Alcohol is a term applied to members of a group of chemical compounds and, in popular usuage to the specific compound ethyl alcohol, or ethanol (Alcohol). There are 10g of alcohol in an alcoholic drink. Alcoholic is not a toxin or nutrient, even though it does contribute energy to the body (Sizer, and Whitney 334). The brain responds different, when alcohol reaches different levels in the brain. When the alcohol reaches in 0.05 our judgement is impaired. Our emotional control is impaired when the alcohol reaches 0.10 in our brain. Our muscle control is impaired once the alcohol reaches 0.15. Our vision is impaired, once the alcohol levels reaches 0.20. We are in a stupor once our brains alcohol level reaches 0.35. When our alcohol level reaches 0.50 through 0.60 we will loss conscious and sometimes we will stay in coma, and never wake up (Sizer, and Whitney 172). There are many myths that are associated with alcohol. First, many people think that a shoot warms you up, when really the alcohol diverts blood flow to the skin making you feel warmer, but it is actually cooling the body. Second, wine and beer are mild so they do not lead to addiction, most people believe, but wine and beer drinkers would have high rates of death from alcohol related illnesses, and it is not what you drink but how much that makes the difference. Third, People think that mixing drinks is what gives you a hang over, but it is too much alcohol in any form that gives you a hangover. Fourth, people believe that alcohol is a stimulant, when really it is a depressant, and depresses the brain activity. Fifth, people believe that since alcohol is legally that it is not a drug, but it is a drug because it alters the body functions and is medically defined as a depressant drug (Sizer, and Whitne...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Statistics Assignment Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Statistics Assignment - Speech or Presentation Example The probability of winning the lottery is then around nine in a billion. It should be noted that the resulting equation actually simplifies to a multiplication rule. However, the binomial distribution may be used to model more complex lottery options. In the construction of a 5-digit number, the order in which is numbers are drawn is clearly important. Also, since repetition of digits is not allowed, a single digit chosen is removed from the pool of possible succeeding digits. These conditions indicate that the total number of digits can simply be taken using a permutation. The given table can only be classified as a probability distribution if its individual probabilities are between zero and one and the total probability is equal to one. In the given table, the probability at X = 2 is greater than one. Since no negative probabilities are present, the total probability is also greater than one. As both requirements are not met, the table cannot be a probability distribution. The sample data is relatively sparse (n To determine whether a relationship exists between the two variables, the given data may be fitted onto a function. The simplest approach is to use a linear model for approximating the relation. To aid in this, a column representation may be constructed. It should be noted that the independent variable based on the description is the cost of the product. An assumed frequency distribution is assumed in this case which allows the use of the Goodness of Fit test. The computations for the chi square statistic can then be determined as shown in the following table: Data is a very important

Friday, November 1, 2019

Research on Utamilla Religion Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On Utamilla Religion - Research Paper Example 98), which acknowledges faith in single creator as well as in the reappearance of the spirit following death, in addition to the pure harmony among individuals and the earth. The actual groups survived through hunting, fishing, collecting other foodstuffs and creating medications. Besides, they participated in trade with other groups that expanded from the â€Å"Pacific shoreline to Great Plains† (Trafzer, p. 122). The Umatilla clan is among the three indigenous American ethnic groups, together with the ‘Cayuse’ and ‘Walla Walla’, which reside on the ‘Umatilla Indiana Reservation’ in United States. The ethnic groups started during 1855 via terms of an agreement with the United States government. During the year 1949, the Umatilla, Cayuse, and Walla Walla created a distinct ethnic government. In the present day, there are over 3000 members of the associated ethnic groups of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The Umatilla clan indicates towards the â€Å"Columbia as the Big River† (Trafzer, p. 101) and traditionally shared it with quite a lot of other native clans of individuals, together with those with whom they currently create the associated ethnic groups. The three clans speak the Sahaptin language, despite the fact that there were individual dialects. The Umatilla clan resided on both sides of the Big River and had family unit, business, as well a s financial dealings with the other ethnic groups beside the river. Only during the initial phase of the 21st century, the people of the Umatilla clan discarded the wandering way of life that incorporated travelling for hunting as well as fishing sites in an annual cycle. The conventional foodstuffs of the Umatilla clan were â€Å"salmon, roots, and deer† (Trafzer, p. 139); residing in longhouses, the clan’s â€Å"tent type shelter could be up to 80 feet (24 m) long† (Trafzer, p. 139). The introduction of the horse, which Europeans started in the Americas by the last part of the 15th century, expanded the clans' mobility as well as scope, and enhanced business by growing link with the area’s other clans. Near the start of the 19th century, the encroachment of non-Indian foreigners as â€Å"trappers, missionaries, settlers and U.S. soldiers† (Trafzer, p. 167), transformed the terrain and considerably influenced the clans' life ways. Earlier than the beginning of European power as well as ailments, the Cayuse, Umatilla, and Walla Walla people were thought to be around 10000. By the 21st century, successors would make up almost one third of that figure. During the year 1855, the ethnic groups as well as the U.S. Government, discussed a contract that let United States to officially claim the terrain and open the gate for pioneers to reside there. The ethnic groups abandoned the majority of their 6.4 million acres for a reserved area of 2.5 million acres. The three ethnic groups as well reserved privileges within the contract that incorporated the right to fish on their usual spots and to hunt as well as collect conventional foods along with medications on ceded terrains. The ethnic groups as well reserved forever, their rights to retain independence. As a result of ‘congressional legislation’ during the last phase of 19th century, the 2.5 million acre reservation was decreased to its existing 172,000 acres (Trafzer, p. 197). The family units of the Umatilla clan were broadened and usually had a large number of relatives, staying in single home. Males were mainly in charge of hunting, creating warheads as well as tools, and taking care of the horses. Females were in charge of food preparation and stitching cloths. Females as