The Typologies Of Tourist Behaviour Tourism Essay

The Typologies Of holidaymaker behaviour Tourism EssayWhen predicting future jaunt patterns, it is critical to first know basic knowledge of a psyches exit motif and what is motivating them to lease endureling to terminals that they sustain selected. AsPearce, Morrison Rutledge (1998) have defined phaeton indigence as the global integrating net scarper of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to work prime(prenominal)s, behaviour and love.Each tourist is driven by different motives that determine their travel choices. These choices force verboten be for new experiencing, polish fascination, recreation, pleasure and relaxing and shopping. Although what motivates people to travel whitethorn differ, precisely thither is always recurrent themes emerging. For instance, a person may choose to travel and thrash from their usual spotlight of living and decides on taking up a holiday for different surroundings and relaxation, to explore new thin gs, places and people. numerous have viewed indispensableness as a major determinant of the tourists behaviour. Theories of pauperism is the concept of needs and they be seen as the forces that arouses do behaviour and to scoop up understand what motivates people, it is utilitarian to discover the needs they have and how these needs faecal matter be fulfilled. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is the best known motivating theories. The push and pull concept is an new(prenominal) line of travel motivation, epoch Plogs whollyocentrism/psychocentrism model volition help explain phenomenal rise and pedigree of travel destinations.Cohen (1972) in his early studies, draws attention to the fact that all tourists atomic number 18 quest some element of novelty and strangeness slice, at the selfsame(prenominal)(p) sentence, just about also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity lavatory in turn be used to derive a t ypology. harmonize to Johns Gyimothy (2002) Cohen distinguished tourist using sociological principles into organised mass tourist, singular mass tourists, explorer and drifter.In this essay, we shall discuss different authors approach for travel motivation and typologies of tourists behaviour and shall critically review and comp be these theories and typologies. activate indigence propel motivation includes two portions, the push motives agentive role which describes the need for exploring, relaxing, and interacting socially in the vacation decision. date pull motives is the attraction caused by the destination to the person, these factors include sight seeing, and historical attractions and sites. Push factors ar known to image a disposition for travelling, and pull factors are known to explicate the choice of destination. Crompton (1979). Push factors tin can also suggest avoidance of work and pressures at alkali caused culturally or socially. And pull factors suggest si mply seeking assay, freedom, escape, leisure and play. Seaton (1997)Maslows theory involves five needs forming a hierarchy, in a pyramid shape from lower to higher needs. Maslow explained how when the lower needs physiological needs (basic career needs- air, water, food, shelter, warmth, sleep, sex), Safety needs (protection, security, low, limits, stability, order), Belonging and love (family, affection, transactionhips, work groups) are achieved the person would be motivated by the needs of the nigh two levels Esteem needs (achievement, status, responsibility, reputation), Self-actualization needs (personal growth and consummation).Although Maslows theory has been criticized as the basic five needs remain ambiguous, while some liveliness that it has provided relevance in how human actions are understandable and predictable.The touristry manufacture has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labelled. Maslows hi erarchy of needs has also produced a useful tool for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. For instance, a person may choose to travel to visit friends and family, but the underlying psychological motivation may be brought by the need for belonging and desire to reunite family links.Iso-Ahola (1982) say that when tourists are on holidays their roles over time may be switched and different needs entrust emerge. Sometimes a item-by-item motivation may non always be the main factor for travel, if while on holiday and the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might rise. It is congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if there is a capital need for relaxation while on holiday, the satisfaction of relaxing will occasion a new need such(prenominal) as exploring the place to enable processes of self-actualization to take place.The quartette motivational needs face fungus and Ragheb (1983) stated are derived from the work of Maslow (1970) . These components help in assessing the extent to which individuals are motivated to take part in and are involved in activities such as learning, discovering, exploring and imagining the social component helps in assessing the level where individuals are participating in leisure activities for social reasons. Friendship and interpersonal relationships is one of the basic needs, while the second need is the esteem of others. While the competence-mastery component assesses the level of which individuals act on in leisure activities in order to accomplish, master, challenge and compete. These activities are commonly fleshly in nature it is escaping and getting away from overbearing life situations. It drives individuals to seek solitude, unwind, rest and search for calm conditions to avoid social contacts.Sefton and Burton (1987) has replicated these four motivations to form the foundation of their Leisure Motivation Scale. However the original Ragheb and Beard Scale, contained i tems such as to use and develop physical skills and abilities. This attitude is associated with tilt and staying fit, others have demonstrated that competency and mastery can be realized in ways such as intellectual pursuits. Other researchers have also place four groups of motivations, which are linked to Maslows ideas. These ideas include physical motivators such as health and less tension cultural motivators such as religion, art and heritage interpersonal motivators such as visit family and friends status motivators such as self esteem and personal nurture.Hudman and Hawkins (1989) do a list of ten main motivators that motivated tourists. These ten motivators are anywhere from physical activities to physical inactivities. They are curiosity, sports, health, natural resources, man make facilities, visiting friends and relatives, business, religion, self esteem and physical inactivity such as simply sunbathing and relaxing.Similarly to the above, six combinations of motivatio ns were classify and the six combinations include educational and cultural which be the interest of historic sites, relaxation, adventure and pleasure, health and recreation, ethnicity and family. This leads to the been-there-through that factor to a tourist.The Iso-Aholas theory indicates that what motivates tourism is the assertion of personal escape whereby overcoming dreadful mood and changing the pace of your anyday life, personal seeking whereby pompousness about your experience to others to step good about yourself, interpersonal escape is whereby you escape the stressful environment you are in and avoid interactions with others, and interpersonal seeking is being with individuals with similar interest and to meet new people. Snepenger et al (2006)A nonher seven elements of tourist motivations were identified by Dann (1981) and his motivation elements included travelling as a response to what is desired, destination pull in response to a motivational push, motivation as a fondness whereby engaging in activities that are deemed unacceptable in their culture and home environment, motivation as a classified purpose such as visiting family and relatives, motivational typologies, motivation and tourist experience, and motivation as an auto-definition and means such as the way in which a tourist will explain their situations and respond to them.The Travel Career Ladder is a nonher travel motivation and it consists of five elements developed by P.Pearce (1988) these five travel motivation elements sidetrack from motivations of relaxation, rousing, relationship, self-esteem, to development and fulfilment. A tourist motivation is an ever changing process and moving up the ladder while progressing through the confused life-cycle changes. The model Pearce developed showed that motivations are divided into two categories. The need may be self-centred for instance relaxation may be done solo and the holiday maker seeks a quiet restful time alone, or the n eed is directed at others for instance it can be relaxation with other individuals and springing from the need for external excitement and desire for novelty. more examples of self-centred needs and needs directed at others are self directed needs springs from the concern for own preventative, relationship can be self-directed which means giving love and affection and maintaining relationships, self-esteem and development maybe self-directed like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, fulfilment is another example of self-directed needs, as if fulfils and understands oneself more and experience peace. While needs directed at others can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety, or it can be directed at others by means of receiving affection and to be with group membership and it may be directed at others like prestige, and glamour of travelling.Seaton (1997) criticized Pearces travel motivations. For instance, as Pearce argued that stimulation may be understood alone a dimension of attempt and safety of oneself or of others, it may be argued that there is a classifiable difference between these two motivations. A concern about the safety of others might mean placing yourself at risk to help others from danger. The willingness to do this relies on the certainty of a persons psychological maturity.It has been suggested by Pearce Lee (2005) that in the Travel Career Ladder framework, the term career indicates that many individuals orderly pass away through a series of stage or their travel motivational patterns are predictable. As some may influentially say to the Travel Career Ladder, others may remain at a particular level, loosely depending on opportunities and other limitations such as health and financial situations.Typologies of Tourist BehaviourCohen (1972), in his early studies, draws attention to the fact that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same t ime, most also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity can in turn be used to derive a typology. Cohen (1972) the sociologist, identified four eccentrics of touristsThe organizational Mass tourist who buys tourists packages or all comprehensive tours in order to visit classical mass tourism destinations, where everything is predetermine before hand and has a low degree of participation and participation in the travel search for information. There is no sense of adventure or exploration. He/she belongs to an institutionalise type of tourism where the contact with the organizers of tourism sedulousness is a constant.The individual mass tourist is similar to the organizational mass tourist, however this one is flexibility on his/her decisions and want to participate more in the process. The tourist strongly depends on the tourism industry but want to try some new things out of the unlikeable and predetermined packages.The explorer is more adventurous, he wants to find his/her own experience participating actively in this decision choice. He arrange most of the elements of the travel by himself/herself, however sometimes he/she has to turn to a travel agency or tourism professionals to get some nourish or security amenities.The drifter olfactory perceptions for intensive experiences and he want to belief immerse in local communities. He/she completely abandon his relations with the institutions of tourism systems planning everything by him. He practiced a non institutionalized type of tourism.With this classification of tourists Cohen established an interesting link between the need of living comical experiences and the need of the perception of security. The more secure a tourist wants to feel, the more he will trust on tourism specialist and thus he will live less unique experiences (more standardized). Stanley Plog (1974 cited Plog 1991) developed a similar psychobiological model designed to e xplain what type of people prefer what type of destination according to its psychographics characteristics. To the author, tourist race could be divided into a continuum of personalities distributed along the Gauss curve from psychometrics, individual travellers whom look for the unexplored, in one extreme to allocentrics, mass tourism tourists, in the other. by and by Cohen and Plog, researchers such us Dalen (1989), Smith (1989) or Urry (2002) for instances they have attempted to create new categories of tourists based on their subject of research. It has to be pointed out that all the models proposed until now they are just descriptive and not relevant to the prevalent tourism demand. They are just focused in one force field of study and not in the bigger dimension where the tourist is immerse.In addition, they also fail in the same thing they do not take into account the factors which determine the different types of tourists (Sharpley, 1999). These factors might be grouped i nto demographic and socioeconomic factors such us age, life cycle, gender and income and structural social factors such as the existence of non tourists and capitalist tourism (Sharpley, 1999).Therefore, every person goes trough different stages in life, and depending on the age, familiar percentage or income tourist will change from one typology to another. Moreover, in these classifications it is not always the tourist who can decide what tourist is going to be, but it is the society who is going to classify you (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2007)ConclusionTo better plan and grocery tourist destinations, a better understanding of motivation is crucial. Travel motivation theories can help us understand what motivation is, and what elements must be considered to understand it, and then interpret the different findings to understand the motivation of a certain type of tourist. What motivates a person to travel may vary from one seeking adventure to one visiting a family to feel a sense of belonging or whether they are affected by the Push motive or the Pull motive. Therefore it is difficult to come apart the different individual motives of travel and people often may not constitute to the real reason of travel. However, understanding travel motivation and typologies of tourist has enabled and explained why certain tourism destinations are more developed and successful than others. All the theories explained above are used as tool to grasp knowledge about what is driving tourists to travel and why are they choosing the places they are travelling too. Travel motivations fundamental in tourism and is important for development. The motivation that indicates a tourists behaviour can show how people set their goals on the destination of their choice and it will reveal how these goals reflect their choice and their travel behaviour. Last but not least, after undertaking this research, understanding the motivations and the typologies of a tourist is the key success to the tourism industry.